The Major Sultanates of India (1156–1526)
Between 1156 and the establishment of the Mughal Empire, India witnessed the rise and fall of multiple Sultanate dynasties. Among these, the Delhi Sultanate stands out for its profound historical and cultural impact. Below is an overview of these Sultanates and their dynasties:
Delhi Sultanate
The Delhi Sultanate was the most significant among the Sultanates of this period. It was marked by five major dynasties:
- Mamluk Dynasty (1206–1290): Founded by Qutb al-Din Aibak, this dynasty introduced the iqta system and stabilized administration. Notable contributions include the iconic Qutub Minar in Delhi.
- Khalji Dynasty (1290–1320): Known for territorial expansion under Alauddin Khalji. The dynasty introduced economic reforms, such as price controls.
- Tughlaq Dynasty (1320–1412): Characterized by ambitious administrative reforms and infrastructure projects. However, the Delhi Sultanate was severely weakened following Timur's invasion in 1398.
- Sayyid Dynasty (1414–1451): Marked by weak central authority and constant struggles against regional rivals.
- Lodi Dynasty (1451–1526): The last dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate, known for promoting arts and architecture. The dynasty ended with the rise of the Mughal Empire under Babur.
Other Sultanates
- Ghurid Sultanate: Established by Muhammad of Ghor in the late 12th century, it laid the foundation for future Muslim rule in India.
- Bahmani Sultanate: Founded in 1347, it emerged as a formidable power in the Deccan region after breaking away from Delhi's control.